Gross anatomy and ultrasonographic examination of the reproductive organs in rams and bucks

Breeding soundness examination (BSE) of rams and bucks is performed by veterinarians as a service for producers to help identify males that may not be capable of settling females early in the breeding season and sire offspring with the genetic potential for rapid and efficient growth. In the routine BSE, palpation of the testis cannot assess with accuracy testicular parenchyma and presence of small lesions. Ultrasonography and testicular biometric parameters are a better approach for evaluation of the testes. In addition, testicular ultrasonography can be a important tool for the evaluation of scrotal circumference and testicular volume and prediction of fertility potential. To provide a basis for this BSE, this paper presents a detailed overview of the anatomy of ram and buck reproductive system and outlines the basis for ultrasonographic examination of the genital tract. Common and uncommon ultrasonographically visible lesions of the scrotum and its content including abnormalities of the various testicular envelops, the spermatic cord, the testicular parenchyma, the epididymis and the internal genitalia are described and illustrated.

Keywords: Ram, buck, breeding soundness examination, genital tract, anatomy, ultrasonography.